Play It Again Sports Tulsa Oklahoma
Founded in 1865, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) extended into about every southern state by 1870 and became a vehicle for white southern resistance to the Republican Party's Reconstruction-era policies aimed at establishing political and economic equality for Black Americans. Its members waged an surreptitious campaign of intimidation and violence directed at white and Black Republican leaders. Though Congress passed legislation designed to curb Klan terrorism, the system saw its main goal–the reestablishment of white supremacy–fulfilled through Democratic victories in state legislatures beyond the S in the 1870s.
After a catamenia of decline, white Protestant nativist groups revived the Klan in the early 20th century, burning crosses and staging rallies, parades and marches denouncing immigrants, Catholics, Jews, African Americans and organized labor. The ceremonious rights movement of the 1960s also saw a surge of Ku Klux Klan activity, including bombings of Black schools and churches and violence against Black and white activists in the Southward.
Founding of the Ku Klux Klan
A group including many former Confederate veterans founded the kickoff co-operative of the Ku Klux Klan as a social gild in Pulaski, Tennessee, in 1865. The first 2 words of the organization's proper name supposedly derived from the Greek word "kyklos," meaning circle. In the summer of 1867, local branches of the Klan met in a general organizing convention and established what they called an "Invisible Empire of the S." Leading Confederate general Nathan Bedford Forrest was chosen as the first leader, or "grand wizard," of the Klan; he presided over a hierarchy of grand dragons, yard titans and grand cyclopses.
The organization of the Ku Klux Klan coincided with the starting time of the second phase of post-Civil War Reconstruction, put into place by the more radical members of the Republican Party in Congress. After rejecting President Andrew Johnson'south relatively lenient Reconstruction policies, in place from 1865 to 1866, Congress passed the Reconstruction Human activity over the presidential veto. Under its provisions, the Due south was divided into 5 military districts, and each land was required to corroborate the 14th Amendment, which granted "equal protection" of the Constitution to former enslaved people and enacted universal male suffrage.
Ku Klux Klan Violence in the South
From 1867 onward, Black participation in public life in the South became one of the about radical aspects of Reconstruction, equally Black people won election to southern state governments and fifty-fifty to the U.S. Congress. For its part, the Ku Klux Klan dedicated itself to an underground campaign of violence confronting Republican leaders and voters (both Black and white) in an effort to reverse the policies of Radical Reconstruction and restore white supremacy in the South. They were joined in this struggle past similar organizations such every bit the Knights of the White Camelia (launched in Louisiana in 1867) and the White Alliance.
At least 10 pct of the Blackness legislators elected during the 1867-1868 constitutional conventions became victims of violence during Reconstruction, including vii who were killed. White Republicans (derided every bit "carpetbaggers" and "scalawags") and Black institutions such as schools and churches—symbols of Black autonomy—were also targets for Klan attacks.
READ More: The Beginning Black Man Elected to Congress Was Virtually Blocked From Taking His Seat
By 1870, the Ku Klux Klan had branches in about every southern state. Even at its pinnacle, the Klan did non avowal a well-organized structure or clear leadership. Local Klan members–frequently wearing masks and dressed in the organization's signature long white robes and hoods–usually carried out their attacks at night, acting on their own but in support of the common goals of defeating Radical Reconstruction and restoring white supremacy in the South. Klan activity flourished especially in the regions of the S where Black people were a minority or a small bulk of the population, and was relatively limited in others. Amid the about notorious zones of Klan action was South Carolina, where in January 1871 500 masked men attacked the Union county jail and lynched eight Black prisoners.
The Ku Klux Klan and the Terminate of Reconstruction
Though Autonomous leaders would afterwards attribute Ku Klux Klan violence to poorer southern white people, the organization'southward membership crossed class lines, from small farmers and laborers to planters, lawyers, merchants, physicians and ministers. In the regions where most Klan action took place, local police enforcement officials either belonged to the Klan or declined to accept action against it, and even those who arrested accused Klansmen found it difficult to find witnesses willing to testify against them.
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Other leading white citizens in the South declined to speak out against the grouping's actions, giving them tacit approval. Later on 1870, Republican state governments in the Due south turned to Congress for aid, resulting in the passage of three Enforcement Acts, the strongest of which was the Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871.
For the first time, the Ku Klux Klan Human activity designated certain crimes committed past individuals as federal offenses, including conspiracies to deprive citizens of the right to hold office, serve on juries and bask the equal protection of the law. The act authorized the president to append the writ of habeas corpus and abort accused individuals without charge, and to ship federal forces to suppress Klan violence.
This expansion of federal authority–which Ulysses S. Grant promptly used in 1871 to shell Klan activeness in Southward Carolina and other areas of the South–outraged Democrats and fifty-fifty alarmed many Republicans. From the early on 1870s onward, white supremacy gradually reasserted its hold on the South equally support for Reconstruction waned; past the end of 1876, the entire South was under Democratic command once once again.
READ MORE: How the 1876 Ballot Effectively Ended Reconstruction
Revival of the Ku Klux Klan
In 1915, white Protestant nativists organized a revival of the Ku Klux Klan nigh Atlanta, Georgia, inspired past their romantic view of the Old Due south as well as Thomas Dixon'due south 1905 book "The Clansman" and D.W. Griffith's 1915 moving picture "Birth of a Nation."
This second generation of the Klan was non only anti-Black but also took a stand against Roman Catholics, Jews, foreigners and organized labor. It was fueled past growing hostility to the surge in clearing that America experienced in the early on 20th century along with fears of communist revolution akin to the Bolshevik triumph in Russia in 1917. The organization took equally its symbol a called-for cross and held rallies, parades and marches around the state. At its peak in the 1920s, Klan membership exceeded 4 million people nationwide.
READ MORE: How 'The Birth of a Nation' Revived the Ku Klux Klan
Great Depression Shrinks Klan
The Not bad Depression in the 1930s depleted the Klan's membership ranks, and the organization temporarily disbanded in 1944. The ceremonious rights movement of the 1960s saw a surge of local Klan activity across the South, including the bombings, beatings and shootings of Black and white activists. These actions, carried out in undercover simply apparently the piece of work of local Klansmen, outraged the nation and helped win support for the ceremonious rights cause.
READ MORE: How Billie Holiday's 'Foreign Fruit' Confronted an Ugly Era of Lynchings
In 1965, President Lyndon Johnson delivered a speech publicly condemning the Klan and announcing the arrest of four Klansmen in connection with the murder of a white female civil rights worker in Alabama. The cases of Klan-related violence became more isolated in the decades to come, though fragmented groups became aligned with neo-Nazi or other right-fly extremist organizations from the 1970s onward.
As of 2016, the Anti-Defamation League estimated Klan membership to be around 3,000, while the Southern Poverty Law Center said there were 6,000 members total.
See America'south Kickoff Memorial to its four,400 Lynching Victims
Source: https://www.history.com/topics/reconstruction/ku-klux-klan
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